A program residing in the memory unit of the computer consists of a sequence of instructions. The program is executed in the computer by going through a cycle for each instruction. Each instruction cycle in turn is subdivided into a Read more…
Aspect Horizontal Microprogramming Vertical Microprogramming Microinstruction Structure Microinstructions are simple and contain single control signals or operations. Microinstructions are detailed and contain all control signals needed for an instruction or operation. Organization Microinstructions are organized horizontally, with each bit or Read more…
Aspect Hardwired Control Microprogrammed Control Control Signal Generation Control signals are generated directly by hardware circuits using combinational logic. Control signals are generated by executing microinstructions stored in control memory (e.g., ROM or PLA). Flexibility Limited flexibility. Changing the instruction Read more…
Control unit design refers to different methodologies for implementing the control unit in a CPU, which is responsible for coordinating the execution of instructions and controlling the flow of data within the CPU. There are primarily two control unit design Read more…
Pipelining is a method where a step-by-step process is split into smaller parts. Each part is handled in its dedicated section that works simultaneously with other sections. Imagine a pipeline as a set of processing stages where binary information Read more…
Comparison of RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) and CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) architectures These are some of the key differences between RISC and CISC architectures. RISC architectures focus on simplicity, streamlined instruction sets, and faster execution of individual instructions, Read more…
standard communication interfaces facilitate the exchange of data between various components, such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and peripheral devices. These interfaces define protocols and standards to ensure compatibility and interoperability between different hardware components. Here are some Read more…
I/O Channels: Definition: An I/O channel, also known as an I/O channel controller or I/O channel processor, is a specialized processor or controller dedicated to managing data transfers between the CPU and peripheral devices. Functionality: I/O channels handle the details Read more…
Direct Memory Access (DMA) is a mechanism that allows peripherals to transfer data directly to and from the main memory without involving the central processing unit (CPU) for every data transfer. DMA enhances overall system performance by reducing the CPU’s Read more…
Programmed I/O operations are the result of I/O instructions written in the computer program. Each data item transfer is initiated by an instruction in the program. Usually, the transfer is to and from a CPU register and peripheral. Other instructions Read more…