Bus Transfers: In computer architecture, bus systems are generally classified into two types: Parallel Bus and Serial Bus. A Parallel Bus consists of multiple data lines, each capable of transferring individual bits simultaneously. This parallel transmission results in higher data transfer speeds, making it efficient for large data volumes. A Read more…
A 3-state buffer gate (also known as a tri-state buffer) is a type of logic gate that can operate in three different states: 1 (High), 0 (Low), and High Impedance (Z). The third state, high impedance, essentially disconnects the output from the circuit, making it behave as if the output Read more…
A program residing in the memory unit of the computer consists of a sequence of instructions. The program is executed in the computer by going through a cycle for each instruction. Each instruction cycle in turn is subdivided into a sequence of subcycles and phases. In the basic computer each Read more…
Aspect Horizontal Microprogramming Vertical Microprogramming Microinstruction Structure Microinstructions are simple and contain single control signals or operations. Microinstructions are detailed and contain all control signals needed for an instruction or operation. Organization Microinstructions are organized horizontally, with each bit or field representing a specific control signal. Microinstructions are organized vertically, Read more…
Aspect Hardwired Control Microprogrammed Control Control Signal Generation Control signals are generated directly by hardware circuits using combinational logic. Control signals are generated by executing microinstructions stored in control memory (e.g., ROM or PLA). Flexibility Limited flexibility. Changing the instruction set or control logic may require redesigning hardware circuits. More Read more…
Control unit design refers to different methodologies for implementing the control unit in a CPU, which is responsible for coordinating the execution of instructions and controlling the flow of data within the CPU. There are primarily two control unit design approaches: Hardwired Control: In hardwired control, the control unit is Read more…
Pipelining is a method where a step-by-step process is split into smaller parts. Each part is handled in its dedicated section that works simultaneously with other sections. Imagine a pipeline as a set of processing stages where binary information moves through. Each stage does part of the job based Read more…
Comparison of RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) and CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) architectures These are some of the key differences between RISC and CISC architectures. RISC architectures focus on simplicity, streamlined instruction sets, and faster execution of individual instructions, while CISC architectures prioritize flexibility, rich instruction sets, and complex Read more…
standard communication interfaces facilitate the exchange of data between various components, such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and peripheral devices. These interfaces define protocols and standards to ensure compatibility and interoperability between different hardware components. Here are some standard communication interfaces: Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI): Description: PCI is Read more…
I/O Channels: Definition: An I/O channel, also known as an I/O channel controller or I/O channel processor, is a specialized processor or controller dedicated to managing data transfers between the CPU and peripheral devices. Functionality: I/O channels handle the details of data transfer, including managing communication protocols, buffering, error detection Read more…